CCD 何时能约束热晕气体的金属丰度?

基于 M104(NGC 4594,ObsID 0900170101)XMM-Newton EPIC MOS 观测的 fakeit 研究:绝对金属丰度与 O/Fe 比随等离子体温度、面亮度和曝光的变化,采用该天区的真实天空背景、软质子与仪器线模型。

2026-09-24, revised 2026-09-25XMM-Newton EPIC MOS1+MOS2Sherpa 4.18 / XSPEC 12.14 apec & vapecsingle-realization Δχ² profiles

English

一段话结论。 For a ~0.7 keV halo at the surface brightness of M104's inner halo (6.6–16.5 kpc, 1× F₀) the CCD spectrum gives only a lower bound on the metallicity unless the true Z is low: with the soft protons free, six times the current exposure (≈400 ks clean per camera) constrains Zin to 0.14–0.52 if the truth is 0.3, but only to Zin每个要求都大 3–10 倍:真值 Z = 0.1 需要 × 976 ks,0.3 需要 × 3254 ks 达 3 倍,Z ≥ 1 永远无法界定。400 ks 净曝光计划给 R5–9′ 提供 130 arcmin² × 400 ks,只够贫金属(Z ≈ 0.1)晕。

1. 实验设置

数据产品与几何

天空背景、软质子、仪器线

所有非源分量取该天区生产分析的最佳拟合值,其中天空分量由专门的偏置视场(ObsID 0900170701)固定:

ComponentModelValue (per arcmin²)In the fit
Local Hot Bubbleapec, kT = 0.083 keV, Z = 1norm 3.41 × 10⁻⁶fixed
Milky Way haloapec, kT = 0.177 keV, Z = 0.3, absorbednorm 4.53 × 10⁻⁶fixed
Cosmic X-ray backgroundpegpwrlw, Γ = 1.46, 0.5–2 keV, absorbed1.05 × 10⁻¹⁵ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹fixed (±10% variants tested)
AbsorptionphabsNH = 3 × 10²⁰ cm⁻²fixed
Soft protonspowerlaw through RMF only (unit ARF)Γ ≈ 1.2–1.3; norm ≈ 3.0 × 10⁻⁴ (R2–5) and 1.5 × 10⁻⁴ (R5–9) ct s⁻¹ keV⁻¹ at 1 keV, MOS1; MOS2 × 0.7index and norm free, per camera
Instrumental linesGaussians at 1.49, 1.75 keV (Al K, Si K) and 1.28 keVfrom the production fitnorms free, per camera

源与天空分量经 ARF × RMF × 曝光折叠;软质子分量经 RMF × 曝光折叠(单位 ARF),因此其归一化是计数率而非流量。真值模型逐能段复现 QPB 已减的观测计数率,MOS1 上 1–3%、MOS2 上 5–15%(图 4)。

源与亮度标度

模拟与拟合合同

2. M104 案例:Zin 的下界,且只有当晕贫金属时才有上界

Delta chi-squared versus metallicity for the two M104 annuli at six times the current exposure, for true metallicity 1 (top) and 0.3 (bottom) under three background contracts
图 1。六倍当前曝光、单一实现的 Z 的 Δχ² 剖面。上:Ztrue = 1,软质子指数与 norm 自由(蓝)、软质子形状冻结在真值而 norm 自由(橙)、所有背景分量冻结在真值(绿)。下:Ztrue = 0.3,软质子自由(蓝)与全部冻结(橙),另有当前曝光下无软质子的剖面(黄)。水平线标出 68%、95% 和 3σ。true = 1 with the soft-proton index and norm free (blue), the soft-proton shape frozen at truth with the norm free (orange) and every background component frozen at truth (green). Bottom: Ztrue = 0.3 with the soft protons free (blue) and everything frozen (orange), plus the soft-proton-free profile at the current exposure (yellow). Horizontal lines mark 68%, 95% and 3σ.
ContractCaseR2–5′ (Zin), 95%R5–9′ (Zout), 95%
SP freeF = 6, Ztrue = 10.34–5+ (lower bound only; best fit at 2)0.30–5+ (lower bound only)
SP freeF = 6, Ztrue = 0.30.14–0.53 (68%: 0.18–0.31)0.23–5+ (lower bound only)
SP freeF = 1, Ztrue = 0.3 (current data)<0.05–4.3: unconstrainedunconstrained
SP shape frozenF = 6, Ztrue = 10.29–5+ (68%: 0.44–1.5)0.17–5+
All background frozenF = 6, Ztrue = 10.53–3.7 (68%: 0.69–1.5)0.33–5+ (68%: 0.48–1.8)
All background frozenF = 6, Ztrue = 0.30.30–0.69 (68%: 0.42–0.54)0.26–2.8 (68%: 0.39–0.87)

由此得出三点。第一,当前 66 ks 对任一环、任何真值的 Z 都无信息。第二,六倍曝光给出 Zin 的稳健下界(若晕为太阳金属丰度则 95% 下 Z > 0.3),但只有当晕贫金属时才有上界:真值 Zin = 0.3 在软质子自由时可在 2 倍以内恢复,而太阳或超太阳晕则跑出网格顶端。第三,知道背景并不定性地改变图像:所有 nuisance 分量冻结在真值时,Zin = 1 也只能界定到 0.5–3.7,且太阳晕的 Zout 仍然开放。外环(16.5–30 kpc)在任何合同下都不可测,除非其金属丰度低。每组配置八个完整两区拟合的 Monte-Carlo 网格(F = 1, 4, 6;Ztrue = 0.3, 1, 2;CXB ±10%;30% 冷相注入)在点估计上说的是同一件事:Ztrue = 0.3 时恢复的 Zin 在 F = 6 为 0.30(16–84%:0.19–0.34)、F = 4 为 0.31(0.28–0.41),Zout 分别为 0.27(0.23–0.59)与 0.24(0.18–0.40);Ztrue = 1 在 F = 6 时拟合散布在 Zin 0.64–4.6、Zout 0.31–3.2,八个 Zin 中两个与一个 Zout 落在网格边界 5,若干落在优化器起始值 1.0;Ztrue = 2 时中位数为 1.2(1.0–4.7)。kT 全程恢复到 ±0.01–0.02 keV;用单温拟合 30% 冷相注入会把 kTin 偏置到 0.67 keV、Zin 偏置到 0.57(0.38–1.6)。数据:summary.csv。

Grouped bar chart of count rates per energy band for the hot gas, sky background, soft protons and instrumental lines in the R2-5 arcminute annulus
图 4。剖面为何是平的。在 R2–5′(MOS1,当前 66 ks),M104 气体贡献 Fe-L 段 60% 的计数,但 1.2–2.0 keV 只有 8%、2.0–3.2 keV 只有 5%——本可以固定 Z 的连续谱埋在指数与 norm 都自由的软质子幂律和 Al K / Si K 仪器线之下。R5–9′ 中 1.2 keV 以上的气体份额为 2–3%。更长曝光不改变这些份额。
Band (keV)data − QPBmodel totalM104 gasskysoft protonslinesgas fraction
0.4–0.715.216.13.067.245.780.0519%
0.7–1.015.215.69.422.403.730.0760%
1.0–1.25.65.52.361.071.930.1143%
1.2–2.028.428.42.292.874.9918.288%
2.0–3.25.65.80.301.533.930.025%

计数率单位 10⁻³ ct s⁻¹,R2–5′,MOS1,QPB 已减;所有分量同单位。

3. 绝对金属丰度:温度 × 面亮度 × 曝光(真值 Z = 0.5)

本节全部假设真金属丰度 Z = 0.5 Z☉,每格单一实现,MOS1+MOS2,79 arcmin²,M104 天空背景,软质子自由,0.4–7 keV。第 5 节对真值 Z = 0.1、0.3、1 和 3 重复 100 ks 网格,因为答案取决于真值:固定 Fe-L 流量下,更低的真值 Z 意味着更亮的连续谱和更容易的上界。☉, a single realization per cell, MOS1+MOS2, 79 arcmin², M104 sky background, soft protons free, 0.4–7 keV. Section 5 repeats the 100 ks grid for true Z = 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3, because the answer depends on the truth: at fixed Fe-L flux a lower true Z means a brighter continuum and an easier upper bound.

Heat maps of the 95 percent metallicity interval for seven temperatures and four surface brightness levels at 100 and 300 ks
图 2。Δχ² 剖面给出的 Z 的 95% 区间(真值 0.5),每格单一实现,M104 背景与自由软质子,0.4–7 keV。"+" = 上界开放(剖面在 Z = 5 处仍在下降),"<" = 下界开放。✓ = 两个界都在真值的 2 倍以内。

100 ks — true Z = 0.5, 95% interval on Z

kT0.3× F₀1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keVunconstrained0.09–5.00+0.20–5.00+0.37–0.95
0.5 keV0.09–5.00+0.22–5.00+0.34–5.00+0.47–2.53
0.7 keVunconstrained0.21–5.00+0.33–5.00+0.47–1.18
1 keV0.15–5.00+0.28–5.00+0.41–2.650.49–0.82
1.5 keV0.08–5.00+0.24–2.060.42–0.720.49–0.51
2 keVunconstrained0.22–1.400.36–0.650.49–0.53
3 keVunconstrained0.22–2.740.22–0.760.43–0.54

300 ks — true Z = 0.5, 95% interval on Z

kT0.3× F₀1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV0.07–5.00+0.23–5.00+0.37–5.00+0.47–0.78
0.5 keV0.06–5.00+0.18–5.00+0.30–1.280.48–0.72
0.7 keV0.07–5.00+0.19–5.00+0.36–1.220.49–0.65
1 keV0.12–5.00+0.27–1.850.44–0.740.50–0.57
1.5 keV0.14–4.890.36–0.800.48–0.560.50–0.51
2 keV0.08–1.000.27–0.660.47–0.550.50–0.50
3 keV<0.05–4.670.19–1.080.42–0.660.49–0.51

绿色 = 95% 下 2 倍以内,蓝色 = 3 倍以内,灰色 = 有一个界开放。summary_ccdZ.csv; per-cell profiles in data/profiles_Z/.

如何读图

4. 线对线:vapec 的 O/Fe 比(真值 O/Fe = 1.0)

本节全部假设真 O/Fe = 1.0(Fe = O = 0.5 Z☉),几何、背景与曝光约定与第 3 节相同。第 5 节对真值 O/Fe = 0.1、0.3 和 3 重复 100 ks 网格。 (Fe = O = 0.5 Z☉), same geometry, background and exposure conventions as Section 3. Section 5 repeats the 100 ks grid for true O/Fe = 0.1, 0.3 and 3.

Heat maps of the 95 percent O/Fe interval for five temperatures and three surface brightness levels at 100 and 300 ks
图 3。vapec Δχ² 剖面给出的 O/Fe 的 95% 区间(真值 1.0):Fe 自由(Ni 绑定)、O 自由(C、N、Ne、Mg、Al、Si、S、Ar、Ca 绑定到 O)、kT 与 norm 自由、软质子与线自由。Local Hot Bubble 与银河系晕的前景 O VII / O VIII 冻结在真值(乐观假设,见注意事项)。vapec: Fe free (Ni tied), O free (C, N, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, Ca tied to O), kT and norm free, soft protons and lines free. Local Hot Bubble 与银河系晕的前景 O VII / O VIII 固定在真值(乐观假设,见注意事项)。

100 ks — true O/Fe = 1.0, 95% interval on O/Fe

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV0.45–1.370.83–1.070.98–1.01
0.5 keV0.35–1.480.84–1.140.95–1.01
0.7 keV0.44–2.170.57–1.210.90–1.03
1 keV0.09–2.470.45–1.270.87–1.05
1.5 keV0.51–3.030.57–1.340.70–1.03

300 ks — true O/Fe = 1.0, 95% interval on O/Fe

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV0.85–1.210.97–1.020.99–1.00
0.5 keV0.60–1.250.92–1.030.99–1.00
0.7 keV0.19–1.250.79–1.050.97–1.01
1 keV0.07–1.340.54–1.030.97–1.00
1.5 keV<0.03–1.180.84–1.110.96–1.00

Source counts (both cameras, 100 ks, 1× F₀): 300–1100 in the O band (0.5–0.7 keV), 850–2040 in the Fe-L band. Full table: summary_OFe.csv; per-cell profiles in data/profiles_OFe/.

如何读图

5. 对真值的依赖:哪里约束在 3 倍以内,或 2 倍以内?

第 3–4 节把真值固定在 Z = 0.5 和 O/Fe = 1。因为每个试探光谱都归一到同一 Fe-L 流量,更高的真值 Z 意味着更暗的连续谱(norm ∝ 1/Z):真值升高时上界更难、下界更容易,低真值则相反。下面的网格对 Ztrue = 0.1、0.3、1 和 3(连同第 3 节的 Z = 0.5 网格)以及 O/Fetrue = 0.1、0.3 和 3(连同第 4 节的 O/Fe = 1 网格)重复 100 ks 剖面。提取面积 79 arcmin²(36.6 + 42.3 arcmin²,MOS1 + MOS2),M104 天空背景,软质子自由。Z 剖面网格对 Ztrue ≤ 1 跑 0.05–5、对 Ztrue = 3 跑 0.05–20(XSPEC apec 的丰度上限为 5,因此扩展跑用 vapec 并把所有金属与 Fe 绑定,即同一模型);O/Fe 网格对 O/Fetrue = 1 跑 0.1–5、其余真值跑 0.03–10。开放界("+" 或 "<")因此意味着剖面在扫描范围边缘仍在最小值的 Δχ² = 4 以内。标记两个判据:✓✓ 两个 95% 界都在 [truth/2, 2 × truth] 内和✓ 都在 [truth/3, 3 × truth] 内。true = 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 (with the Z = 0.5 grid from Section 3) and O/Fetrue = 0.1, 0.3 and 3 (with the O/Fe = 1 grid from Section 4). Extraction area 79 arcmin² (36.6 + 42.3 arcmin², MOS1 + MOS2), M104 sky background, soft protons free. The Z profile grid runs 0.05–5 for Ztrue ≤ 1 and 0.05–20 for Ztrue = 3 (XSPEC apec caps its abundance at 5, so the extended runs use vapec with every metal tied to Fe, which is the same model); the O/Fe grid runs 0.1–5 for O/Fetrue = 1 and 0.03–10 for the other truths. An open bound ("+" or "<") therefore means the profile is still within Δχ² = 4 of its minimum at the edge of the scanned range. 标记两个判据: ✓✓ both 95% bounds within [truth/2, 2 × truth] and ✓ both within [truth/3, 3 × truth].

绝对金属丰度

Heat maps of the 95 percent metallicity interval for five true metallicities, five temperatures and three surface brightness levels at 100 ks
图 5。绝对 Z,100 ks,每格单一实现。列为真金属丰度;每个面板内行为 kT,列为以 F₀ 为单位的面亮度。

truth = 0.1

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.5 keV0.08–5.00+0.10–0.530.10–0.11
0.7 keV0.07–5.00+0.09–0.290.10–0.11
1 keV0.07–3.260.09–0.150.10–0.10
1.5 keV<0.05–0.290.07–0.130.09–0.10
2 keV<0.05–0.76<0.05–0.190.09–0.11

truth = 0.3

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.5 keV0.19–5.00+0.28–5.00+0.28–0.75
0.7 keV0.16–5.00+0.21–5.00+0.29–0.60
1 keV0.18–5.00+0.25–0.820.29–0.35
1.5 keV0.13–0.660.24–0.380.28–0.31
2 keV0.07–0.700.20–0.420.28–0.31

truth = 0.5

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.5 keV0.22–5.00+0.34–5.00+0.47–2.53
0.7 keV0.21–5.00+0.33–5.00+0.47–1.18
1 keV0.28–5.00+0.41–2.650.49–0.82
1.5 keV0.24–2.060.42–0.720.49–0.51
2 keV0.22–1.400.36–0.650.49–0.53

truth = 1

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.5 keV0.28–20.00+0.48–20.00+0.80–20.00+
0.7 keV0.28–20.00+0.64–20.00+0.92–20.00+
1 keV0.43–20.00+0.70–20.00+0.92–2.41
1.5 keV0.42–8.760.76–1.860.96–1.22
2 keV0.50–3.500.82–1.530.95–1.04

truth = 3

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.5 keV0.37–20.00+0.71–20.00+1.53–20.00+
0.7 keV0.31–20.00+1.12–20.00+2.27–20.00+
1 keV0.50–20.00+1.17–20.00+2.41–20.00+
1.5 keV0.88–20.00+2.00–20.00+2.93–7.31
2 keV0.76–13.742.34–8.892.88–3.78

满足各判据的单元格,100 ks:

truthcells within a factor of 3 (95%)cells within a factor of 2 (95%)
Z = 0.13× F₀: kT = 0.7, 1, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 23× F₀: kT = 1, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2
Z = 0.31× F₀: kT = 1.5; 3× F₀: kT = 1, 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 23× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 1, 1.5, 2
Z = 0.51× F₀: kT = 2; 3× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 0.7, 1, 1.5, 23× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 1, 1.5, 2
Z = 13× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 1, 1.5, 23× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2; 10× F₀: kT = 1.5, 2
Z = 33× F₀: kT = 2; 10× F₀: kT = 1.5, 210× F₀: kT = 2

O/Fe 比

Heat maps of the 95 percent O/Fe interval for four true ratios, five temperatures and three surface brightness levels at 100 ks
图 6。vapec 的 O/Fe,100 ks,真值中 Fe 固定为 0.5、拟合中自由;O/Fe 剖面网格对新真值跑 0.03–10,对真值 = 1 的网格跑 0.1–5。

truth = 0.1

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV<0.03–0.18<0.03–0.120.08–0.10
0.5 keV<0.03–0.61<0.03–0.30<0.03–0.17
0.7 keV<0.03–0.71<0.03–0.60<0.03–0.19
1 keV<0.03–1.62<0.03–0.35<0.03–0.20
1.5 keV<0.03–1.38<0.03–0.54<0.03–0.26

truth = 0.3

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV0.07–0.460.19–0.330.28–0.30
0.5 keV<0.03–0.760.10–0.500.24–0.34
0.7 keV<0.03–1.18<0.03–0.640.17–0.37
1 keV<0.03–1.60<0.03–0.680.12–0.36
1.5 keV<0.03–1.28<0.03–0.740.11–0.36

truth = 1

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV0.45–1.370.83–1.070.98–1.01
0.5 keV0.35–1.480.84–1.140.95–1.01
0.7 keV0.44–2.170.57–1.210.90–1.03
1 keV0.09–2.470.45–1.270.87–1.05
1.5 keV0.51–3.030.57–1.340.70–1.03

truth = 3

kT1× F₀3× F₀10× F₀
0.3 keV1.79–5.122.68–3.262.94–3.05
0.5 keV1.96–3.752.78–3.082.98–3.01
0.7 keV1.90–4.022.75–3.122.94–3.01
1 keV1.27–4.302.32–3.152.94–3.01
1.5 keV2.58–6.372.74–3.512.94–3.03

满足各判据的单元格,100 ks:

truthcells within a factor of 3 (95%)cells within a factor of 2 (95%)
O/Fe = 0.110× F₀: kT = 0.310× F₀: kT = 0.3
O/Fe = 0.33× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.53× F₀: kT = 0.3; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7
O/Fe = 11× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7; 3× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.53× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5
O/Fe = 31× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5; 3× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.51× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7; 3× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5; 10× F₀: kT = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5

如何读这两张图

Data: summary_ccdZ_allZtrue.csv, summary_OFe_allR.csv; per-cell profiles in the two profile folders (files with _Z or _R suffixes).

6. M104 面亮度下 0.7 keV 等离子体所需的天区面积 × 曝光

固定面亮度下,光谱的每个分量(热气体、天空背景、软质子、QPB、仪器线)都随天区面积与曝光的乘积标度,因此该乘积是 Poisson 极限约束的唯一变量。结果写成130 arcmin² 区域的曝光,130 arcmin² 是 M104 R5–9′ 环的 MOS2 有效天区面积(MOS1 81.8 arcmin²,几何 176 arcmin²),双 MOS 相机同开。任何面积 × 时间相同的区域行为相同:42 arcmin² × 1000 ks = 130 arcmin² × 323 ks,100 arcmin² × 400 ks = 130 arcmin² × 308 ks。模拟用 R2–5′ 几何(MOS2 有效面积 42.3 arcmin²,MOS1 36.6,几何 66)在 300–10 000 ks,并归一到 130 arcmin²。当前 M104 数据对应 R2–5′ 的 130 arcmin² × 21 ks 与 R5–9′ 的 130 arcmin² × 65 ks。130 arcmin² region, 130 arcmin² being the MOS2 effective sky area of the R5–9′ annulus of M104 (MOS1 81.8 arcmin², geometric 176 arcmin²), with both MOS cameras on. 任何面积 × 时间相同的区域行为相同:42 arcmin² × 1000 ks = 130 arcmin² × 323 ks,100 arcmin² × 400 ks = 130 arcmin² × 308 ks。模拟用 R2–5′ 几何(MOS2 有效面积 42.3 arcmin²,MOS1 36.6,几何 66)在 300–10 000 ks,并归一到 130 arcmin²。当前 M104 数据对应 R2–5′ 的 130 arcmin² × 21 ks 与 R5–9′ 的 130 arcmin² × 65 ks。

展示三种背景合同,因为答案取决于对软质子知道多少:逐相机指数与 norm 自由(诚实的默认)、形状冻结而 norm 自由(同观测的宽视场内拟合所能提供的)、全部冻结(完美的背景知识,纯 Poisson 极限)。两个面亮度水平:1× F₀(R2–5′,6.6–16.5 kpc)与 0.3× F₀(R5–9′,16.5–30 kpc)。真值 Z = 0.1、0.3、1 和 3。对真值 Z ≥ 1,扫描延伸到 Z = 20。

Grid of panels showing upper and lower 95 percent bounds on metallicity versus exposure of a 130 square arcminute region, for two surface brightness levels and three soft-proton contracts
图 7。kT = 0.7 keV 时 130 arcmin² 区域的 Z 的 95% 界随曝光的变化。行:面亮度;列:软质子合同;颜色:真值 Z。开放标记是扫描范围边缘仍开放的界。

软质子指数与归一化自由

1× F₀ (R2–5′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.10.064–0.190.089–0.120.097–0.110.099–0.1
0.30.16–3.60.22–0.760.25–0.370.29–0.32
10.25–20+0.5–20+0.57–3.10.81–2
30.3–20+0.72–20+0.93–20+1.5–20+

0.3× F₀ (R5–9′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.1<0.05–5+0.055–0.870.073–0.170.093–0.12
0.3<0.05–5+0.098–5+0.17–1.20.23–0.72
10.077–20+0.27–20+0.28–20+0.6–20+
30.088–20+0.31–20+0.42–20+0.91–20+

95% intervals on Z (green: within a factor of 2 of the truth; blue: within a factor of 3; grey: a bound is still open). Smallest area × exposure reaching each criterion:

brightnesstrue Zsmallest 130 arcmin² × t within a factor of 3within a factor of 2
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.1130 arcmin² × 98 ks130 arcmin² × 98 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.3130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)1130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)3not reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.1130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.3130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)1not reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)3not reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks

Soft-proton shape frozen, norm free

1× F₀ (R2–5′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.10.087–0.130.096–0.110.099–0.10.1–0.1
0.30.21–1.10.2–0.350.28–0.320.3–0.31
10.42–20+0.48–1.60.62–1.20.88–1.1
30.67–20+0.69–191.1–61.7–5.6

0.3× F₀ (R5–9′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.1<0.05–5+<0.05–0.140.081–0.110.097–0.11
0.30.098–5+0.15–0.880.18–0.410.25–0.36
10.18–20+0.21–20+0.3–1.80.56–2.5
30.21–20+0.27–20+0.46–20+0.89–20+

95% intervals on Z (green: within a factor of 2 of the truth; blue: within a factor of 3; grey: a bound is still open). Smallest area × exposure reaching each criterion:

brightnesstrue Zsmallest 130 arcmin² × t within a factor of 3within a factor of 2
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.1130 arcmin² × 98 ks130 arcmin² × 98 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.3130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 325 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)1130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)3130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.1130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.3130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)1130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)3not reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks

All background frozen

1× F₀ (R2–5′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.10.094–0.120.098–0.10.1–0.10.1–0.1
0.30.27–0.70.29–0.340.3–0.310.3–0.3
10.69–20+0.76–20.86–1.20.97–1.1
31.3–20+1.5–20+1.8–7.72.5–4.8

0.3× F₀ (R5–9′ surface brightness)

true Z130 arcmin² × 98 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 300 ks
130 arcmin² × 325 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 1000 ks
130 arcmin² × 976 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 3000 ks
130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
simulated as 42 arcmin² × 10000 ks
0.10.084–0.770.086–0.140.093–0.110.098–0.1
0.30.18–5+0.24–1.40.25–0.40.29–0.32
10.46–20+0.48–20+0.51–2.60.75–1.8
30.55–20+0.78–20+0.94–20+1.5–20+

95% intervals on Z (green: within a factor of 2 of the truth; blue: within a factor of 3; grey: a bound is still open). Smallest area × exposure reaching each criterion:

brightnesstrue Zsmallest 130 arcmin² × t within a factor of 3within a factor of 2
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.1130 arcmin² × 98 ks130 arcmin² × 98 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)0.3130 arcmin² × 98 ks130 arcmin² × 325 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)1130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
1× F₀ (R2–5′)3130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.1130 arcmin² × 325 ks130 arcmin² × 325 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)0.3130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 976 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)1130 arcmin² × 976 ks130 arcmin² × 3254 ks
0.3× F₀ (R5–9′)3not reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ksnot reached by 130 arcmin² × 3254 ks

如何读这次扫描

Data: summary_grasp_kT0.7.csv单一实现,仅 MOS,天空前景与 CXB 固定。系统性底(CXB 视场间散布、软质子形状、多温 Fe 偏置)不随面积 × 曝光缩小,因此这里最大的乘积是真实数据达不到的统计极限。

7. 注意事项

8. 数据与代码

撰写于 2026-09-24,重算于 2026-09-25(修复曝光标度 bug 后:改变曝光后 folded model 未重建,导致每个曝光 ≠ 66 ks 的格子源计数被低估),作为 M104 深 XMM-Newton 观测可行性评估的一部分。同一数据的已发表相关分析:Li, Huang et al. 2026,arXiv:2609.18006。arXiv:2609.18006.